Section II - 13
Autonomic Nervous System

A patient has received a ''high spinal'' and ''sympathectomy'' during the administration of spinal anesthesia when a high dose and concentration local anesthetic was inadvertently injected. The patient quickly becomes unconscious and vital signs reveal severe hypotension and bradycardia. The anesthesia provider provides bag-mask ventilation and then prepares for emergent intubation of the unresponsive patient. You expect this patient to have the following symptoms as a result of the noxious stimulation from emergency intubation:

Severe hypertension due to unopposed sympathetic response. Severe tachycardia due to a surge in catecholamine release from the adrenal glands. Both hypertension and tachycardia as commonly occur during every intubation. No change in vital signs.